Show Me Your Smile Me Again ã‚â¢ã£æ’â¡ã£æ’âªã£â€šâ«ã£æ’‰ã£æ’â©ã£æ’å¾
When files are moved between unlike operating systems, or stored in a common file arrangement such as AFS, yous may sometimes discover that characters such as ÅÄÖ are shown incorrectly.
A character encoding determines which binary sequence is used to represent each alphabetic character, or other graphic symbol. Many dissimilar ways to encode text have been used throughout the years. CSC's Unix systems accept traditionally used "Latin-1" (ISO-8859-1), which contains the letters used in western European languages. Other operating systems have used other encodings, e.g. "Mac Roman" on Mac Os, "CP-1252" on MS Windows, or "CP-437" on MS DOS. All of these are extensions of ASCII (basically, American messages, digits and punctuation), which means that such characters are displayed correctly. Only accented letters differ. In item, the Swedish letters ÅÄÖ are non displayed correctly
These days, nearly OSs can use some form of UTF-8, but you may need to configure the applications to use it. To practice so you lot choose a locale, which defines formatting many settings specific to a linguistic communication and region, for case:
- Number formatting (e.chiliad. using "1 234,5" or "1,234.5")
- Date and fourth dimension formatting
- String collation (i.e. sort society, so that "ångström" is sorted under A in English language only Å in Swedish)
The locale is written equally «language»_«variant».«encoding», eastward.thou. "en_US.UTF-8" (American English, UTF-eight) or "en_GB.ISO8859-one" (British English, latin-ane).
Wikipedia'southward explanation of latin1 (external link)
Wikipedia's explanation of locales (external link)
Converting a file
To convert the contents of a file, you can open up it in a locale-aware editor, and "save as..."
a dissimilar encoding, or use the iconv command-line tool:
iconv -f iso8859-one -t utf-eight < original.txt > new.txt
When logging in remotely (with SSH), you lot tin can usually configure your local settings to be forwarded. Unfortunately, not all SSH servers support this. Currently (equally of November 2010), CSC's Solaris SSH server does non permit forwarding of surround variables, which is needed for this to piece of work. The relevant locales (en_US.UTF-8, sv_SE.UTF-8) are available on Solaris, and you can set them manually, but they won't be used by default.
Problem: ÅÄÖ shown as ���
Your application uses latin1 characters, but your terminal (or editor) tries to display them every bit UTF-8. Configure your application to utilize UTF-8 (see below), or alter your concluding settings to use ISO-8859-1.
Trouble: ÅÄÖ shown every bit åäö
Your application uses UTF-8, simply they are displayed as latin1. Configure your application to use ISO-8859-i (see below), or change your final settings to use UTF-8.
Problem: ÅÄÖ shown as ���
Your application is printing U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement grapheme (�, normally displayed every bit a question mark on inverted background). This is and then converted as if information technology were in latin1 to UTF-8 (a U+FFFD character in UTF-8 uses iii bytes). Check the settings for all applications — including the terminal window — to ensure that they all hold on which encoding to use.
Select locale (application settings)
If your application is locale aware (most are, but non some legacy CSC applications), then you can select the locale by
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-eight ## fustigate
setenv LC_ALL en_US.UTF-8 ## tcsh
and and so run your awarding. To only configure the character encoding, modify the LC_CTYPE environment variable instead.
You lot can besides select which locale to use when you log in locally, but this may cause trouble when y'all apply a different operating organization. We recommend that you use the default settings and re-configure the applications instead.
Configuring final encoding
Ubuntu
The encoding used by Gnome'southward terminal tin can be change under Last and then Fix Character Encoding, only unless you accept previously done so, you need to add the "Western (ISO-8859-1)" encoding.
Mac OS 10
The default settings for Last.app is to apply UTF-eight. This can be changed by going to Last and so Preferences… then Advanced.
The default for X11.app's xterm is to apply latin1. You lot tin alter this by editing the startup sequence for X11, but it's easier to just use Terminal.app.
MS Windows
PuTTY's settings tin be inverse under Window then Translation in the configuration dialog.
CSC's Windows computers currently run SSH Secure Shell from Tectia (formerly SSH Communications Security Corp). Information technology is not UTF-8 aware, and will default to using latin1 encoding.
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Source: https://intra.kth.se/en/it/arbeta-pa-distans/unix/encoding-1.71788
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